The influence of the sovereignty of the will of the litigants on the one hand and the authority of the judge on the other hand has many effects on the proceedings in the legal courts. Civil proceedings include different sections and stages; One of the stages of civil proceedings is the stage of evaluation of evidence by the judge. At this stage, the judge deals with the judicial administration of the reasons presented by the litigants. Producing evidence is the right and duty of litigants, and judicial administration of evidence is the authority and duty of the judge. The judge, in the capacity of the evidence department, at the beginning of the formalities of presenting the evidence, then evaluates the quantity and quality of the evidence and their probative power. A significant issue that is raised at this stage of the proceedings is the validity of the agreement on the possibility of proving the claim with the reason agreed by the parties to the lawsuit or the impossibility of proving the claim with the reason that the litigants have agreed on the inability to prove the claim with that reason. In order to find the answer to this problem, it is important to identify the evidence system in civil proceedings, as well as whether the number of evidence is mandatory or optional. The research method in this article is descriptive-analytical and the results of the research are positive that the agreement regarding the exclusivity of evidence in the

We conducted this study in the Agogo Traditional Area of the Ashanti region of Ghana where there are numerous cases of conflicts between crop and animal farmers as a result of insufficient pasture for livestock, especially during the dry seasons. This has drawn the attention of various stakeholders in agriculture to the need for supplement feed through pasture establishment. The study examines farmers’ perception and the financial viability of pasture establishment for small ruminant production. The specific objectives of the study are as follow: to identify the cost and returns for the establishment of an acre of pasture, to assess the financial viability of pasture establishment on ‘cut and sell’ basis, to investigate farmers’ perception of pasture establishment for cattle production, to conduct a SWOT analysis of the establishment of pasture in Agogo. The study purports to analyze in detail, farmers' perceptions about the nature of the proposed 'Fodder Bank' policy and its likely effect on crop and livestock production, and whether the proposed policy could generate adequate monetary returns to induce its adoption at the farm level. The study seeks to provide evidence in support of SDG goals 2 (Zero hunger) and 12 (Responsible consumption and production) of the 2030 agenda for sustainable development. To the authors' best of knowledge, this is envisage to provide valuable information to support policy initiatives intended to tackle the root cause of farmer-herder conflicts. The Asante Akim North Municipal is one of the 27 administrative Districts in the Ashanti Region. Its capital is Konongo- Odumasi. The population for this study comprises livestock and crop farmers in Agogo. Asante Akim North Municipal was purposively selected for the study because it is noted for its agrarian abilities and massive production of food in the Ashanti region. The multi stage sampling was employed in this study. At the first stage, Asante Agogo traditional area was selected purposively due to the fact that majority of the inhabitants engage in agricultural activities (GSS 2010). At the second stage, three communities in Agogo namely, Hwidiem, Ananekrom and Bebuso were selected purposively. At the third stage, quota sampling was used to obtain a specific number of farmers from each of the three communities to sum up to 150 respondents as shown in table. Simple random sampling technique was then used to engage the selected farmers in these communities. A sample size of 150 respondents were obtained using the Slovin’s formulae which is a scientific method of obtaining the sample size for a given population. Structured questionnaires consisting of open and close ended questions were used to gather primary data from respondents through face-to-face interviews. Interviews were conducted using the local dialect mostly to enhance communication and to clear all language barriers but English was used where the respondents could give accurate answers in English Language. Data per the questionnaires from respondents were concerning their perception of pasture establishment and the assessment of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of pasture establishment. Secondary data was sought from books, journals, dissertations and the internet. Useful and relevant information on the appropriate materials and their costs for establishing pasture was also obtained from the Agogo MoFA office, and the KNUST Department of Animal Science. Descriptive statistics such as percentages, tables and means were used to analyze the socio-economic characteristics of respondents. It was revealed in the study that majority of crop farmers have had their crops destroyed by ruminants especially cattle at least once. Additionally, the study showed that pasture establishment is one way through which crop farms destruction by livestock can be prevented as about 99% of farmers responded in the affirmative. The results for the financial viability of the venture under the assumptions used gave relevant results with BCR of 1.18 and NPV of GHC 3,160. The Internal Rate Return of the venture is estimated at 40.1% and a Pay Back period of 2.61 years. Therefore, it will be economically prudent for investors to commit resources towards establishing pasture. The perception index for commercial, economic and financial concerns of pasture establishment was 3.7 which is skewed toward agree. The statement that had the highest positive perception index was about the fact that pasture establishment will increase the quality of meat. This implies that respondents perceive that the commercial, economic and financial results of pasture establishment will be positive. The perception index for the social category was 3.66. The statement with the highest positive assertion by respondents is the fact that pasture establishment will help control the movement of animals. The perception index of 3.66 which is skewed towards agree means that pasture establishment will attract the support from the community and also bring more benefits to the society. In the category of technical concerns of pasture establishment, the overall perception index for this category is 3.15, which means that the respondents perceive they have a fair technical know- how concerning pasture establishment even though the venture requires technical know-how. In the category of institutional concerns, support and involvement in pasture establishment, the statement with the highest perception index is that MoFA will support farmers with the necessary resources in its capacity. With reference to the chi-square test, the study can conclude that there is a significant relationship between the type of farmer and the perception that support can be drawn from farmer-based associations, and the perception that pasture establishment will increase livestock production as well as the general sales of farmers. Lastly, the study revealed that there is a significant relationship between the educational background of the farmer and the perception that it is not difficult to select planting materials for pasture establishment. Farmers in Asante Akim Agogo should adopt the establishment of pasture since it is financially viable. The establishment of pasture in Asante Akim Agogo should be encouraged since it has the potency to reduce the farmer - herder conflicts and ensure food security. For successful pasture establishment, technical know-how is essential.

This paper seeks to address the following question: how much important are the internal and external factors in the process of democratization in developing countries. The paper's main thesis is that the destiny of imposed democracies is more dependent on internal than external situation. Democracies can be stabilized when and only when the power sources (economical, political, and intellectual) in a country are distributed evenly, so no group can oppress its rival or perpetuate its dominance over them.

subsidence in urban areas poses significant risks to infrastructure, including buildings, roads, railways, pipelines, sewage systems, and wells. Therefore, assessing its potential is crucial. This study models the subsidence risk in Karaj city using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and the Weight of Evidence (WoE) model. To achieve this, we created maps of factors influencing subsidence, such as slope, alluvial thickness, groundwater fluctuations, aquifer layering, particle size, and permeability. These maps were then compared with recorded subsidence data to determine the weight of each factor's influence. By integrating the effects of these factors, a Subsidence Index (SI) map was generated and categorized using the Success Rate Curve (SRC), identifying five sensitivity zones from very sensitive to very low sensitivity. The effectiveness of the WoE model was evaluated, revealing that the subsidence sensitivity prediction map covers 93.64% of actual occurrences. Results indicated that aquifer layering positively influences subsidence development, with the highest impact arising from alluvial deposits with good permeability and fine particles. This factor, with a weight of 3.72, demonstrates significant influence among all evaluated parameters. In terms of thickness, the most significant subsidence occurred in alluvial deposits exceeding 200 meters. Areas experiencing groundwater level declines of over half a meter annually markedly contributed to subsidence. Additionally, slopes of less than two degrees were identified as the most susceptible to subsidence. Thus, while many areas in Karaj are relatively safe, the threat is notably higher in the southern and southwestern parts, requiring special attention in urban management.

The imposed war by the Iraqi Baathist government against the Islamic Republic of Iran from 1980 to 1988 in the northwest and southwest of the country led to a strong and comprehensive defense by the warriors of Islam against the enemy. Naturally, these areas have been the habitat of various animals, including poisonous snakes, since ancient times. The fierce defense by the warriors against the enemy also took place in this geographical area. Given this species' biodiversity, this article attempts to study and examine reports of snakebite cases among combatants over an 8-year period in combat zones, as well as treatment and prevention measures for such hazards. Fortunately, due to effective health measures, no deaths from snakebites have been reported. Snakebites can be dangerous, especially if the snake is poisonous. Without access to medical and emergency measures, they can even be fatal. It is important to follow safety guidelines to avoid encountering snakes. Medical personnel should be well-trained in how to respond to a snakebite to provide prompt assistance and prevent further harm or potential death. In desert areas, it is crucial to clear the environment of thorns and debris, which could be potential snake nests, and to educate soldiers on safety measures to prevent snakebites.

Lice are considered a foreign and bloodthirsty parasite of humans and can reproduce in unsanitary conditions and cause dangerous diseases such as typhus. The spread of personal and public health among warriors during the years of the holy defense prevented the emergence of epidemics caused by this dangerous insect. This article addresses the issue of pediculosis and the prevention of diseases transmitted by it during the holy defense. The present research has been done by bibliography, searching scientific websites, and interviewing university staff and responsible health persons involved in holy defense. This study shows according to basic arrangements performed such as individual health training and environment disinfection, there is no epidemic and/or affection to different diseases transmitted by lice in soldiers during a holy war.

One of the essential and fundamental issues as an effective management model for officials and managers of today's society is to identify and explain Imam Khomeini's strategic management and thinking during the imposed War. With descriptiveanalytical and documentary and libraries methods, the present study aimed to answer the ‘ What are the critical management features in the Imam's manner and behavior during the imposed war? ’ And designing and explaining a practical model of Imam Khomeini's management strategies and modeling its behavior for the country's managers. According to the hypothesis, Imam Khomeini's management characteristics are based on his personal and organizational behavior and Islamic values. The results indicated that Imam Khomeini's leadership and management model in the imposed War was a combination model based on three levels of the individual (personality), behavior, and society's needs.

Composing the favorite legal contracts in particular conditions, some companies are trying to misuse from the economic needs as well as from the non-expertise of their customers. As a matter of fact those companies impose their stipulations which cover only their benefits on the customers. A field in which one can see such contracts is in Iranian car industries. Some states and international organizations by enacting rulings and provisions came to support the customers in order to eliminate "significant disparities" come from those imposed stipulations. Furthermore, the support for the weaker side in those contracts may bring about more justice into contract. Taking some jurisprudential origins for such rulings into consideration including mutual consent, public order, and theory of preventing abuse of their own rights, this article tries to analyze those rulings and provisions to see in which condition it would be possible to cancel the contract.